{"id":16298,"date":"2024-12-22T18:35:26","date_gmt":"2024-12-22T17:35:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/neu.luwianstudies.org\/kronoloji\/"},"modified":"2026-02-25T10:22:18","modified_gmt":"2026-02-25T09:22:18","slug":"kronoloji","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/luwianstudies.org\/tr\/kronoloji\/","title":{"rendered":"Kronoloji"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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Kronoloji<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Ge\u00e7 Tun\u00e7 \u00c7a\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Sonundaki Felakete Giden Yol<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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Bu zaman \u00e7izelgesi, Eberhard Zangger\u2019in 1994 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u201cEin neuer Kampf um Troia\u201d (Truva \u0130\u00e7in Yeni Bir M\u00fccadele)<\/em> adl\u0131 kitab\u0131nda ortaya koydu\u011fu Ge\u00e7 Tun\u00e7 \u00c7a\u011f\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerinin \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f modelini yans\u0131tmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Hitit ba\u015fkenti \u1e2aattu\u0161a\u2019n\u0131n yeniden in\u015fa edilmi\u015f tahkimat duvar\u0131 (\u00a9 Luwian Studies #1008)<\/div><\/div>

M\u00d6 1250 \u2013 Kahramanl\u0131k \u00c7a\u011f\u0131: Aristokratlar\u0131n Zenginlik Kayna\u011f\u0131 Uzun Mesafeli Bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l Ticaret<\/h3>

M\u00d6 1250 y\u0131l\u0131na dek Do\u011fu Akdeniz\u2019in k\u00fclt\u00fcrleri geli\u015fmekteydiler. Bunlar aras\u0131nda M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131n Yeni Krall\u0131k d\u00f6nemi, G\u00fcney Yunanistan\u2019daki k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Miken krall\u0131klar\u0131 ve Orta Anadolu\u2019daki Hitit Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131 yer al\u0131yordu. Geni\u015f bir ticaret a\u011f\u0131 binlerce kilometre boyunca hammadde ve y\u00fcksek kaliteli mallar\u0131n de\u011fi\u015fimini m\u00fcmk\u00fcn k\u0131l\u0131yordu. Yaz\u0131 sistemleri \u00f6ncelikle idari ama\u00e7lara hizmet ediyor, ancak dini rit\u00fcelleri ve \u015fenlikleri kaydetmek i\u00e7in de kullan\u0131l\u0131yordu. Bu d\u00f6nemin en \u00f6nemli olaylar\u0131 aras\u0131nda, M\u00d6 1275\u2019te Hititler ile M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131lar aras\u0131ndaki Kade\u015f Sava\u015f\u0131 ve bunu izleyen, bilinen en eski yaz\u0131l\u0131 uluslararas\u0131 antla\u015fma kabul edilen M\u00d6 1258 tarihli Kade\u015f Bar\u0131\u015f Antla\u015fmas\u0131 yer al\u0131r. M\u00d6 1250 dolaylar\u0131nda Miken k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc doruk noktas\u0131na ula\u015ft\u0131. Yine bu d\u00f6nemde Miken ve Tiryns\u2019in an\u0131tsal kaleleri in\u015fa edildi. <\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Hitit ba\u015fkenti \u1e2aattu\u0161a\u2019n\u0131n yeniden in\u015fa edilmi\u015f tahkimat duvar\u0131 (\u00a9 Luwian Studies #1008)<\/div><\/div><\/div>
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2018 K\u0131\u015f G\u00fcnd\u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fc\u2019nde \u1e2aattu\u0161a\u2019daki Tap\u0131nak 2 ve 3\u2019\u00fcn temelleri ile B\u00fcy\u00fckkale Saray\u0131 \u00fczerinde g\u00fcn do\u011fumu (\u00a9 Luwian Studies #1015)<\/div><\/div>

M\u00d6 1230 \u2013 Tehdit Alt\u0131ndaki Hatti: Gerileyen Bir Krall\u0131k<\/h3>

M\u00d6 1230 dolaylar\u0131nda Hitit Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131 kuzeydo\u011fu Akdeniz\u2019in h\u00e2kim g\u00fcc\u00fcyd\u00fc. Ancak i\u00e7 \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar ve d\u0131\u015f tehditler giderek artan \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde bu \u00fclkeyi y\u0131prat\u0131yordu. Hattu\u0161a\u2019daki kraliyet ailesi hanedan i\u00e7i \u00e7eki\u015fmeler nedeniyle zay\u0131flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ayn\u0131 d\u00f6nemde, Bat\u0131 ve G\u00fcney Anadolu\u2019ya damgas\u0131n\u0131 vuran Luvi k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn unsurlar\u0131, Hititlerin anayurdunda - ba\u015fkente kadar uzanacak bi\u00e7imde - etkisini art\u0131rd\u0131. Kom\u015fu devletler bu zay\u0131fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00fcrekli istismar ettiler. Bat\u0131da, eskiden Hatti\u2019ye ba\u011fl\u0131 olan krall\u0131klar merkezi otoriteden kademeli olarak koptu ve anla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fczere bir ittifak kurdular. Do\u011fuda Asur birlikleri Hatti topraklar\u0131 i\u00e7inde ilerledi ve stratejik a\u00e7\u0131dan \u00f6nemli olan \u0130\u0161uwa maden yataklar\u0131n\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irdiler. Kuzeyde, uzun s\u00fcredir tehdit olu\u015fturan ve Karadeniz\u2019e eri\u015fimi denetleyen Ka\u0161kalar g\u00fc\u00e7 kazand\u0131. G\u00fcneyde ise daha \u00f6nce Hititlere sad\u0131k bir vasal devlet olan Tarhunta\u0161\u0161a, Hattu\u0161a\u2019dan ayr\u0131ld\u0131. Hitit kraliyet ailesinin bir kolu taraf\u0131ndan y\u00f6netilen Suriye, imparatorlu\u011fa sad\u0131k kalan tek b\u00f6lgeydi. Buna kar\u015f\u0131n, Hititlerin Anadolu \u00fczerindeki hegemonyas\u0131 art\u0131k s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclemez durumdayd\u0131. Gerileme ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. <\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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2018 K\u0131\u015f G\u00fcnd\u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fc\u2019nde \u1e2aattu\u0161a\u2019daki Tap\u0131nak 2 ve 3\u2019\u00fcn temelleri ile B\u00fcy\u00fckkale Saray\u0131 \u00fczerinde g\u00fcn do\u011fumu (\u00a9 Luwian Studies #1015)<\/div><\/div><\/div>
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Bat\u0131 Anadolu\u2019da tipik bir k\u0131rsal Luvi yerle\u015fimi olan, b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcyle kaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f Seyit\u00f6mer H\u00f6y\u00fck\u2019\u00fcn havadan foto\u011fraf\u0131 (\u00a9 T\u00fcrkiye K\u00fclt\u00fcr ve Turizm Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131, K\u00fclt\u00fcr Varl\u0131klar\u0131 ve M\u00fczeler Genel M\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, Kaz\u0131lar ve Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar Dairesi Ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n izniyle; Luwian Studies #0255)<\/div><\/div>

M\u00d6 1200 \u2013 Luviler: Bat\u0131 Anadolu\u2019daki G\u00f6z Ard\u0131 Edilen K\u00fclt\u00fcr<\/h3>

Bu d\u00f6nemde Bat\u0131 Anadolu\u2019daki durum hakk\u0131nda nispeten az \u015fey bilinmektedir. Truva d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, Ge\u00e7 Tun\u00e7 \u00c7a\u011f\u0131 yerle\u015fimlerine y\u00f6nelik sistematik ve geni\u015f \u00f6l\u00e7ekli kaz\u0131lar neredeyse hi\u00e7 yap\u0131lmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Oysa Bat\u0131 Anadolu\u2019da M\u00d6 ikinci biny\u0131la tarihlenen yakla\u015f\u0131k 500 kadar b\u00fcy\u00fck yerle\u015fim yeri art\u0131k tespit edilmi\u015ftir. Bu yerle\u015fimlerin bir\u00e7o\u011fu 500 metrenin \u00fczerindeki \u00e7aplara ula\u015fm\u0131\u015f ve y\u00fczy\u0131llar boyunca iskan g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Buna kar\u015f\u0131n, bu yerle\u015fimlerdeki k\u00fclt\u00fcr hakk\u0131nda h\u00e2l\u00e2 \u015fa\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 derecede az \u015fey biliyoruz. <\/p>

Son on y\u0131llarda, Tun\u00e7 \u00c7a\u011f\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerinin \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc a\u00e7\u0131klamak \u00fczere \u00e7ok say\u0131da kuram geli\u015ftirildi. Burada sunulan nedensel zincir, Asur\u2019un Do\u011fu Anadolu\u2019daki \u0130\u0161uwa bak\u0131r madenlerini Hitit Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019ndan almas\u0131yla ba\u015flamaktad\u0131r. Bu ekonomik kayb\u0131 telafi etmek i\u00e7in B\u00fcy\u00fck Kral IV. Tuthaliya, bak\u0131r\u0131n ba\u015fl\u0131ca tedarik\u00e7ilerinden biri olan K\u0131br\u0131s\u2019\u0131 ilhak etti. Orada asker\u00ee \u00fcsler in\u015fa ettirdi ve sonras\u0131nda K\u0131br\u0131s limanlar\u0131nda el de\u011fi\u015ftiren mallardan vergi ald\u0131. Limanlara serbest eri\u015fime al\u0131\u015fk\u0131n olan Ege k\u0131y\u0131 devletleri bu \u00f6nlemi muhtemel bir direni\u015fle kar\u015f\u0131lam\u0131\u015f olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Bu durum, Do\u011fu Akdeniz\u2019deki gerilimi ciddi \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde t\u0131rmand\u0131rd\u0131. <\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Bat\u0131 Anadolu\u2019da tipik bir k\u0131rsal Luvi yerle\u015fimi olan, b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcyle kaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f Seyit\u00f6mer H\u00f6y\u00fck\u2019\u00fcn havadan foto\u011fraf\u0131 (\u00a9 T\u00fcrkiye K\u00fclt\u00fcr ve Turizm Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131, K\u00fclt\u00fcr Varl\u0131klar\u0131 ve M\u00fczeler Genel M\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, Kaz\u0131lar ve Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar Dairesi Ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n izniyle; Luwian Studies #0255)<\/div><\/div><\/div>
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M\u0131s\u0131r, Bat\u0131 Teb, Medinet Habu\u2019daki III. Ramses\u2019in an\u0131t mezar tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131n\u0131n kuzey duvar\u0131; Deniz Kavimleri\u2019ne kar\u015f\u0131 yap\u0131lan sava\u015flar\u0131n tasvirleri (\u00a9 Luwian Studies #4051)<\/div><\/div>

M\u00d6 1192 \u2013 Deniz Kavimlerinin \u0130stilas\u0131: Kahramanlar \u00c7a\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Ani Sonu<\/h3>

M\u00d6 1200\u2019\u00fcn hemen ard\u0131ndan, Ge\u00e7 Tun\u00e7 \u00c7a\u011f\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerinin alt\u0131n \u00e7a\u011f\u0131 birka\u00e7 on y\u0131l i\u00e7inde sona erdi. M\u0131s\u0131r tap\u0131nak yaz\u0131tlar\u0131, Do\u011fu Akdeniz k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131nda h\u0131zl\u0131 gemilerle ans\u0131z\u0131n beliren, etnik a\u00e7\u0131dan heterojen fakat g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015fe g\u00f6re koordineli gruplar\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011fi istilalardan s\u00f6z eder. Bu gruplar liman kentlerini ya\u011fmalay\u0131p tahrip ettiler. Bu ittifak bug\u00fcn topluca \u201cDeniz Kavimleri\u201d ad\u0131yla an\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Geleneksel kaynaklara g\u00f6re sald\u0131rganlar \u00f6ncelikle Bat\u0131 Anadolu\u2019daki k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck devletlerle ili\u015fkilendirilir. Libya, Girit ve Sardinya gibi b\u00f6lgeler de Deniz Kavimlerinin olas\u0131 k\u00f6kenleri aras\u0131nda g\u00f6sterilmi\u015ftir. <\/p>

Bu olaylara dair dikkat \u00e7ekici bir tan\u0131kl\u0131k K\u0131br\u0131s\u2019taki Lefko\u015fa Arkeoloji M\u00fczesi\u2019nde bulunmaktad\u0131r: K\u0131br\u0131s yaz\u0131s\u0131yla (Enkomi 1687) yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, yumruk b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde bir kil tablet\u2026 Hollandal\u0131 antik\u00e7a\u011f tarih\u00e7isi Fred Woudhuizen\u2019e g\u00f6re bu tablette, M\u00d6 1192 dolaylar\u0131nda Ege Denizi\u2019nde devriye g\u00f6revindeyken b\u00fcy\u00fck bir sava\u015f gemisi filosuyla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fan K\u0131br\u0131sl\u0131 bir amiralin raporu yer almaktad\u0131r. Sava\u015f gemileri Truva\u2019dan yelken a\u00e7m\u0131\u015f ve Akamas adl\u0131 Truval\u0131 bir prensin komutas\u0131 alt\u0131ndayd\u0131. Say\u0131ca \u00fcst\u00fcn kuvvetler kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda amiral geri \u00e7ekilmi\u015f ve G\u00fcneybat\u0131 Anadolu k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131ndaki g\u00fcvenli Limyra liman\u0131na y\u00f6nelmi\u015ftir. Buradan K\u0131br\u0131s\u2019taki kral\u0131n\u0131 mektup ile uyarm\u0131\u015f ve takviye istemi\u015ftir. Bu yorum do\u011fruysa, bu kay\u0131t Deniz Kavimleri filosuna ili\u015fkin bilinen en erken belgelenmi\u015f g\u00f6zlem olacakt\u0131r. Bu dramatik sahne, \u201cLuviler Bug\u00fcn Neden \u00d6nemli?\u201d b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn ana g\u00f6rselinde betimlenmektedir. <\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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M\u0131s\u0131r, Bat\u0131 Teb, Medinet Habu\u2019daki III. Ramses\u2019in an\u0131t mezar tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131n\u0131n kuzey duvar\u0131; Deniz Kavimleri\u2019ne kar\u015f\u0131 yap\u0131lan sava\u015flar\u0131n tasvirleri (\u00a9 Luwian Studies #4051)<\/div><\/div><\/div>
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\u1e2aattu\u0161a\u2019daki Ni\u015fanta\u015f Luvi hiyeroglif yaz\u0131t\u0131 (\u00a9 Luwian Studies #1024)<\/div><\/div>

M\u00d6 1190 \u2013 Y\u0131k\u0131m Dalgas\u0131: Do\u011fudan Bat\u0131ya Uzanan Bir Yang\u0131n<\/h3>

M\u0131s\u0131r kaynaklar\u0131 \u201cDeniz Kavimleri\u201d ad\u0131 verilen sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n Ege b\u00f6lgesinden geldi\u011fini anlat\u0131r. Deniz Kavimlerinin varl\u0131klar\u0131 Likya k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klar\u0131nda da belgelenmi\u015ftir. Bu ak\u0131nlar\u0131n olas\u0131 hedeflerinden biri K\u0131br\u0131s\u2019\u0131 Hitit egemenli\u011finden kurtarmakt\u0131. <\/p>

Tun\u00e7 \u00c7a\u011f\u0131\u2019ndan g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze ula\u015fan en b\u00fcy\u00fck Luvi hiyeroglif yaz\u0131t\u0131, Hattu\u0161a\u2019daki Ni\u015fanta\u015f kayas\u0131 \u00fczerinde olup, son b\u00fcy\u00fck Hitit kral\u0131 II. \u0160uppiluliuma\u2019n\u0131n K\u0131br\u0131s hakimiyeti i\u00e7in deniz sava\u015flar\u0131nda nas\u0131l m\u00fccadele etti\u011fini aktar\u0131r. Metnin yar\u0131m kalm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 dikkat \u00e7ekicidir. Bu m\u00fccadeleden k\u0131sa s\u00fcre sonra Hattu\u0161a terk edildi. K\u0131br\u0131s\u2019\u0131n Deniz Kavimlerince ele ge\u00e7irilmesinin ard\u0131ndan, Levant k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131 boyunca sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131n s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. K\u0131sa s\u00fcre sonra Mezopotamya ile al\u0131\u015fveri\u015fin \u00f6nemli bir ticaret \u00fcss\u00fc olan Ugarit y\u0131k\u0131ld\u0131. Ugarit\u2019in Tun\u00e7 \u00c7a\u011f\u0131\u2019ndaki son kral\u0131 Hammurabi\u2019nin K\u0131br\u0131s kral\u0131ndan yard\u0131m istedi\u011fi mektubu (RS 18.147) dramatik durumu tasvir eder: <\/p>

\u201cBabam, bak! D\u00fc\u015fman\u0131n gemileri buraya geldi; \u015fehirlerim yak\u0131ld\u0131 ve \u00fclkemde korkun\u00e7 i\u015fler yapt\u0131lar. Babam bilmez mi ki, t\u00fcm askerlerim ve sava\u015f arabalar\u0131m Hatti \u00dclkesi\u2019ndeyken, t\u00fcm gemilerim Lukka \u00dclkesi\u2019ndedir? B\u00f6ylece \u00fclke kendi kaderine terk edilmi\u015f durumda. Babam bilsin ki buraya gelen yedi d\u00fc\u015fman gemisi bize b\u00fcy\u00fck zarar verdi.\u201d <\/p>

Mektup, Ugarit\u2019teki kaz\u0131lar s\u0131ras\u0131nda bulunmu\u015ftur - bu da mektubun kentten hi\u00e7 \u00e7\u0131kmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermektedir. Ugarit de y\u0131k\u0131m\u0131n kurban\u0131 olmu\u015ftu. <\/p>

Bu olaylar\u0131 izleyen hemen sonraki d\u00f6neme ili\u015fkin yaz\u0131l\u0131 kay\u0131t bulunmamaktad\u0131r. Medinet Habu\u2019daki M\u0131s\u0131r yaz\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131 \u0130lyada\u2019da aktar\u0131lan birlik listeleriyle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131rsak, g\u00fc\u00e7 dengelerindeki de\u011fi\u015fime dair en az\u0131ndan varsay\u0131msal bir tablo elde ederiz: sald\u0131rgan ittifak Kuzey Yunanistan\u2019dan ba\u015flay\u0131p Anadolu\u2019nun geni\u015f kesimleri \u00fczerinden G\u00fcney Levant\u2019a uzanan bir hat \u00fczerinde birka\u00e7 y\u0131l boyunca \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ele ge\u00e7irmi\u015f olabilir. <\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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\"Nisantas\"<\/div>
\u1e2aattu\u0161a\u2019daki Ni\u015fanta\u015f Luvi hiyeroglif yaz\u0131t\u0131 (\u00a9 Luwian Studies #1024)<\/div><\/div><\/div>
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\"Laomedon<\/div>\t\t\t\t
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Truva Kral\u0131 Laomedon\u2019un Birinci Truva Sava\u015f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda Herakles\u2019in att\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir okla \u00f6lmesi; Aigina Tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n do\u011fu al\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131, Glyptothek, M\u00fcnih, Almanya (\u00a9 Luwian Studies #2011)<\/div><\/div>

1182 M\u00d6 \u2013 Truva Sava\u015f\u0131: Deniz Kavimlerinin \u0130stilalar\u0131 Ba\u011flam\u0131nda Truva\u2019n\u0131n D\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f\u00fc<\/h3>

Deniz Kavimleri istilalar\u0131ndan birka\u00e7 y\u0131l sonra gelen yeni \u00e7alkant\u0131 d\u00f6nemi, modern ve kolektif bir terim olan \u201cTruva Sava\u015f\u0131\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda \u00f6zetlenmektedir. Bu terim \u0130lyada<\/em>\u2019da anlat\u0131lan 51 g\u00fcnl\u00fck ku\u015fatmaya de\u011fil; \u00e7e\u015fitli antik geleneklerden yeniden kurulabilen ve Homeros\u2019un edebi bir formda yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 tarihsel olaylar zincirine i\u015faret eder. Gelene\u011fe g\u00f6re, \u0130lyada<\/em>\u2019daki Gemi Katalo\u011fu\u2019nda an\u0131lan k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Miken krall\u0131klar\u0131 bir ittifak kurmu\u015f ve Bat\u0131 Anadolu k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131na - yani Deniz Kavimleri\u2019nin bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n daha \u00f6nce dev\u015firilmi\u015f oldu\u011fu b\u00f6lgelere - kar\u015f\u0131 askeri harekat y\u00fcr\u00fctm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. <\/p>

Olas\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klamalardan biri, daha \u00f6nce do\u011frudan \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmaya kar\u0131\u015fmam\u0131\u015f olan Miken y\u00f6neticilerinin, Deniz Kavimleri istilalar\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan hem hammadde kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131 hem de kara ve deniz ticaret yollar\u0131n\u0131 denetleyen yeni bir b\u00f6lgesel g\u00fc\u00e7 dengesiyle kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kalm\u0131\u015f olmalar\u0131d\u0131r. Mikenler bu yeni h\u00e2kimiyeti k\u0131rmak i\u00e7in rakiplerinin izledi\u011fi \u00f6rnekten esinlenmi\u015f, e\u015fg\u00fcd\u00fcml\u00fc bir yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 benimsemi\u015f olabilirler. Bat\u0131 Anadolu\u2019da yeni olu\u015fan ittifak\u0131n, g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015fe g\u00f6re hem do\u011fuda elde etti\u011fi topraklar\u0131 hem de Ege\u2019deki kendi k\u0131y\u0131 kentlerini savunmas\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmad\u0131. B\u00f6ylece Miken sald\u0131rganlar onlarca k\u0131y\u0131 kentini ele ge\u00e7irmeyi ve Truva\u2019ya kadar ilerlemeyi ba\u015fard\u0131. Daha sonraki gelene\u011fe g\u00f6re, Truva\u2019da belirleyici bir hesapla\u015fma ya\u015fand\u0131. Homeros d\u0131\u015f\u0131 kaynaklar kentin nihayetinde ihanet y\u00fcz\u00fcnden d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc bildirir: Muhtemelen r\u00fc\u015fvetin bir sonucu olarak, geceleyin bir kap\u0131 kilitsiz b\u0131rak\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. <\/p>

Truva\u2019n\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f\u00fcyle birlikte Bat\u0131 Anadolu ittifak sistemi de \u00e7\u00f6kt\u00fc. Hitit \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnde oldu\u011fu gibi, Bat\u0131 Anadolu da \u00f6nemini h\u0131zla yitirdi. <\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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\"Laomedon<\/div>
Truva Kral\u0131 Laomedon\u2019un Birinci Truva Sava\u015f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda Herakles\u2019in att\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir okla \u00f6lmesi; Aigina Tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n do\u011fu al\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131, Glyptothek, M\u00fcnih, Almanya (\u00a9 Luwian Studies #2011)<\/div><\/div><\/div>
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\"Odysseus\u2019<\/div>\t\t\t\t
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Odysseus\u2019un \u0130thaka\u2019daki kraliyet saray\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnde talipleri \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn sanatsal canland\u0131rmas\u0131 (Midjourney AI; \u00a9 Luwian Studies #6403)<\/div><\/div>

1170 M\u00d6 \u2013 Miken Yunanistan\u0131\u2019ndaki \u0130\u00e7 Sava\u015f<\/h3>

G\u00fcney Yunanistan\u2019\u0131n Miken y\u00f6neticileri \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalardan ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta galip \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Ancak bu ba\u015far\u0131 a\u011f\u0131r bir bedelle geldi. Y\u00f6netici elitin pek \u00e7ok \u00fcyesi sava\u015flarda hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybetti ve kendi b\u00f6lgelerinde iktidar bo\u015fluklar\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Seferler s\u0131ras\u0131nda yurtlar\u0131nda kalan vekiller geri d\u00f6nen krallara iktidar\u0131 devretmeye her zaman istekli olmad\u0131. Bu durum i\u00e7 \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalara, ayaklanmalara ve \u015fiddetli iktidar m\u00fccadelelerine yol a\u00e7t\u0131. K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck krall\u0131klar birbirleri ard\u0131na istikrars\u0131zl\u0131\u011fa s\u00fcr\u00fcklendiler. Arkeolojik bulgular Yunanistan\u2019daki y\u0131k\u0131m\u0131n do\u011fudan bat\u0131ya do\u011fru a\u015famalar halinde yay\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterir; Pylos ve \u0130thaka, etkilenen son merkezler aras\u0131nda yer alm\u0131\u015f gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr. <\/p>

Odysseia<\/em>, bu belirsizlik evresinin edebi bir hat\u0131ras\u0131n\u0131 korumaktad\u0131r: \u0130thaka saray\u0131nda \u00e7ok say\u0131da talip Penelope\u2019ye kur yapar ve dolayl\u0131 bi\u00e7imde, ortada olmayan Odysseus\u2019un halefli\u011fini sahiplenirler. Metin tarihsel bir anlat\u0131 olmasa bile, siyasal gerilim ve iktidar \u00fczerinde yar\u0131\u015fan iddialar\u0131n bulundu\u011fu bir d\u00f6nemi a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a yans\u0131tmaktad\u0131r. <\/p>

Sava\u015f\u0131n art arda \u00fc\u00e7 evresi ay\u0131rt edilebilir: \u00f6nce Deniz Kavimleri istilalar\u0131; ard\u0131ndan Truva Sava\u015f\u0131 ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda \u00f6zetlenen Yunan kar\u015f\u0131 sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131 ve nihayet Yunanistan\u2019daki i\u00e7 \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar. Tekrarlayan bir \u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fc dikkat \u00e7ekicidir: her seferinde sald\u0131rganlar bat\u0131dan gelmi\u015f olsa da, geni\u015f \u00f6l\u00e7ekli y\u0131k\u0131m do\u011fuda ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f ve bat\u0131ya yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu dizilimin yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 karma\u015f\u0131k \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f tablosu, geni\u015f \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde birbiriyle ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 Tun\u00e7 \u00c7a\u011f\u0131 d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n sonunu belgelemektedir. <\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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\"Odysseus\u2019<\/div>
Odysseus\u2019un \u0130thaka\u2019daki kraliyet saray\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnde talipleri \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn sanatsal canland\u0131rmas\u0131 (Midjourney AI; \u00a9 Luwian Studies #6403)<\/div><\/div><\/div>
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\"Sphinx<\/div>\t\t\t\t
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M\u00d6 sekizinci y\u00fczy\u0131la tarihlenen Karatepe-Aslanta\u015f kalesinin kuzey kap\u0131s\u0131ndaki sfenks (\u00a9 Luwian Studies #0248)<\/div><\/div>

M\u00d6 800 \u2013 Frigler ve Lidyal\u0131lar: \u00c7alkant\u0131n\u0131n Ard\u0131ndan Yeniden \u0130n\u015fa<\/h3>

M\u00d6 ikinci biny\u0131l\u0131n sonundaki y\u0131k\u0131m yat\u0131\u015ft\u0131ktan sonra, hangi b\u00f6lgelerin \u00f6zellikle a\u011f\u0131r darbe ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve hangilerinin yeniden bi\u00e7imlendi\u011fi netle\u015fti. Eski g\u00fc\u00e7 merkezi Hattu\u0161a d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Onun siyasal rol\u00fcn\u00fc \u00f6nce Frig Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ba\u015fkenti Gordion, daha sonra da Lidya \u00fclkesinin merkezi Sardes \u00fcstlendi. Zengin maden kaynaklar\u0131, verimli topraklar ve \u00f6nemli ticaret yollar\u0131 \u00fczerindeki denetim sayesinde, Anadolu ekonomik olarak toparland\u0131 ve yeniden refaha kavu\u015ftu. <\/p>

Buna kar\u015f\u0131n Yunanistan birka\u00e7 y\u00fczy\u0131l boyunca derin sars\u0131nt\u0131lardan ge\u00e7ti. Arkeolojik bulgular karma\u015f\u0131k siyasal yap\u0131lar\u0131n gerilemesine ve okuryazarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n uzun s\u00fcreli kayb\u0131na i\u015faret eder. Bu d\u00f6nem \u00e7o\u011fu kez Yunan anakaras\u0131 i\u00e7in \u201cKaranl\u0131k \u00c7a\u011f\u201d olarak adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. <\/p>

Bu d\u00f6nemde Akdeniz havzas\u0131nda yeni k\u00fclt\u00fcrel dinamikler ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Fenikeliler, Akdeniz\u2019in geni\u015f kesimlerini birbirine ba\u011flayan kapsaml\u0131 bir ticaret a\u011f\u0131 kurdu. Etr\u00fcskler Kuzey \u0130talya\u2019da yerle\u015fik h\u00e2le geldi. Her iki k\u00fclt\u00fcr de baz\u0131 y\u00f6nleriyle Bat\u0131 Anadolu gelenekleriyle paralellikler g\u00f6stermektedir; bu da kriz y\u0131llar\u0131n\u0131 izleyen g\u00f6\u00e7 hareketlerinin ard\u0131ndan k\u00fclt\u00fcrel aktar\u0131m s\u00fcre\u00e7lerine i\u015faret ediyor olabilir. <\/p>

Yine bu d\u00f6nemde, Yunan yerle\u015fimciler de Anadolu\u2019da yer edinmeye ve buradaki k\u00fclt\u00fcrel etkileri \u00f6z\u00fcmsemeye ba\u015flad\u0131lar. Nitekim Thales, Anaksimandros ve Herakleitos gibi pek \u00e7ok Sokrates-\u00f6ncesi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr Bat\u0131 Anadolu\u2019da do\u011fmu\u015ftur. Bu da Anadolu\u2019nun, Yunan d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnsel geli\u015fimi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan s\u00fcregelen k\u00fclt\u00fcrel \u00f6nemini vurgulamaktad\u0131r. <\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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\"Sphinx<\/div>
M\u00d6 sekizinci y\u00fczy\u0131la tarihlenen Karatepe-Aslanta\u015f kalesinin kuzey kap\u0131s\u0131ndaki sfenks (\u00a9 Luwian Studies #0248)<\/div><\/div><\/div>
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\"Hieropolis<\/div>\t\t\t\t
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Ceyhan Nehri yak\u0131nlar\u0131nda, Kilikya\u2019daki antik kent Hieropolis Castabala\u2019daki mimari kal\u0131nt\u0131lar (\u00a9 Luwian Studies #0249)<\/div><\/div>

M\u00d6 400 \u2013 Klasik D\u00f6nemden Modern Zamanlara: Kahramanl\u0131k \u00c7a\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Canl\u0131 Hat\u0131ras\u0131<\/h3>

Antik Yunan\u2019da kahramanl\u0131k \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ve onun sona eri\u015finin hat\u0131ras\u0131 y\u00fczy\u0131llar boyunca canl\u0131 kald\u0131. Homeros\u2019un da malzemesini dev\u015firdi\u011fi Epik D\u00f6ng\u00fc olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan derlemede pek \u00e7ok gelenek korunmu\u015ftur. Buna ek olarak, Miken d\u00f6neminin an\u0131tsal surlar\u0131 ve su yap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 uzun s\u00fcre peyzajda g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr h\u00e2lde kalm\u0131\u015f, ge\u00e7mi\u015f bir d\u00f6nemin kan\u0131t\u0131 olarak i\u015flev g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. <\/p>

Klasik antik\u00e7a\u011fda \u00e7ok say\u0131da Yunan yazar kahramanl\u0131k \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n\u0131n sonunu \u201cTruva Sava\u015f\u0131\u201dna ba\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ne var ki bu terim, g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015fe g\u00f6re \u0130lyada<\/em>\u2019da anlat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi tek bir muharebeden ziyade, M\u00d6 1200 dolaylar\u0131ndaki kriz y\u0131llar\u0131nda ya\u015fanan karma\u015f\u0131k \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar dizisine i\u015faret etmektedir. <\/p>

Y\u00fczy\u0131llar boyunca anlat\u0131lardaki sempatinin \u00e7o\u011fu kez Truval\u0131lardan yana olmas\u0131 dikkate de\u011ferdir. Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n h\u00fck\u00fcmran hanedanlar\u0131 \u2013 Julius Caesar\u2019dan Ge\u00e7 Orta \u00c7a\u011f\u2019a kadar \u2013 me\u015fruiyetlerini g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmek i\u00e7in soylar\u0131n\u0131 Truva\u2019daki atalar\u0131na dayand\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Truva\u2019ya dair alg\u0131n\u0131n dramatik bi\u00e7imde de\u011fi\u015fmesi ise ancak modern zamanlarda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti. Tarihsel ve siyasal yorum \u00e7er\u00e7eveleri de\u011fi\u015ftik\u00e7e, Truva gelene\u011fi Bat\u0131 Avrupa\u2019daki simgesel \u00f6nemini yitirdi. On dokuzuncu y\u00fczy\u0131lda Heinrich Schliemann\u2019\u0131n \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fck etti\u011fi kapsaml\u0131 kaz\u0131lar Truva\u2019y\u0131 yeniden kamuoyunun g\u00fcndemine ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131. Ancak bu kaz\u0131lar defalarca y\u0131k\u0131ma u\u011fram\u0131\u015f ve \u00f6nceki edebi geleneklerde aktar\u0131lan an\u0131tsal metropole kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k gelmeyen bir yerle\u015fimi ortaya koydu. <\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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\"Hieropolis<\/div>
Ceyhan Nehri yak\u0131nlar\u0131nda, Kilikya\u2019daki antik kent Hieropolis Castabala\u2019daki mimari kal\u0131nt\u0131lar (\u00a9 Luwian Studies #0249)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Kronoloji Ge\u00e7 Tun\u00e7 \u00c7a\u011f\u0131\u2019ndaki \u00c7alkant\u0131lar Bu zaman \u00e7izelgesi, Eberhard Zangger\u2019in 1994 y\u0131l\u0131nda Ein neuer Kampf um Troia (Truva \u0130\u00e7in Yeni Bir M\u00fccadele) adl\u0131 kitab\u0131nda ortaya koydu\u011fu Ge\u00e7 Tun\u00e7 \u00c7a\u011f\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerinin \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f modelini yans\u0131tmaktad\u0131r. Hitit ba\u015fkenti \u1e2aattu\u0161a\u2019n\u0131n yeniden in\u015fa edilmi\u015f sur duvar\u0131 (\u00a9 Luwian Studies #1008) M\u00d6 1250 \u2013 Kahramanl\u0131k \u00c7a\u011f\u0131: Aristokratlar\u0131n Zenginlik Kayna\u011f\u0131 Uzun Mesafeli […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"iawp_total_views":779,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-16298","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/luwianstudies.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/16298","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/luwianstudies.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/luwianstudies.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/luwianstudies.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/7"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/luwianstudies.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=16298"}],"version-history":[{"count":27,"href":"https:\/\/luwianstudies.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/16298\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":24251,"href":"https:\/\/luwianstudies.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/16298\/revisions\/24251"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/luwianstudies.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=16298"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}